Biography
Dr. Manisha Singh has joined JIIT as Lecturer since July 2008. Before joining JIIT, she has worked as Assistant Lecturer in Institute of Applied Medicines and Research (IAMR), Ghaziabad, Lecturer in Prakash Institute of Physical Rehabilitation and Applied Medicines (PIPRAMS), Greater Noida. Dr Singh has completed her Masters in Physiotherapy (Neurology) from CCS University in 2007 and has been awarded fellowship in Neurological Rehabilitation (FNR), from Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi with a certified course in neurodevelopment techniques (NDT).Thereafter; she completed her doctoral studies in developing microemulsion system against Alzheimer’s disease for intranasal application. During her clinical practice, she has worked on BATRAC method for improving motor functions in hemiparetic stroke cases. Presently, her research interests are in the area of Neuropharmaceutics, effects of neurologically used drugs and analytical rehabilitative methods for various neurological conditions.
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
Dr Singh’s research group is primarily involved in the area of targeted drug delivery and natural product based formulations for neurological disorders. Her current research work accounts for fabrication of various drug formulation delivery systems (Polymeric/metallic/PLGA nanoparticles, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, micro/nano spheres, nano coacervates, hydrogels/nanogels, drug conjugated graphene oxides nanocarriers and transdermal patches) targeted for neurological/neurovascular/neuropathic disorders treatment. She focuses majorly on analyzing the neuroprotective effects of various Indian/Chinese/Australian native plant extracts or essential oils along with novel formulation development of standard drug compounds for targeted drug delivery.
PUBLICATIONS
RESEARCH PAPERS
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R. Kumar, Z. Malik, M. Singh, Rachana, S. Mani, K. Ponusamy, S. Haider, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Risk Genes and Suppressors, Current gene therapy (Accepted and under publication process) (Scopus, Web of science, JCR, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, SCI, I.F. – 4.3)
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M. Singh, D. Jindal, V. Agarwal, D. Pathak, M. Sharma, P. Pancham, S. Mani, Rachana, New phase therapeutic pursuits for targeted drug delivery in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy (Accepted and under publication process)
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Rachana, S. Basu, H. Birla, A. Tiwari, M. Sharma, D. Dutta, M. Singh, D. Jindal and S. P. Singh, Recent advancement on phytochemical and medicinal properties of Tinospora cordifolia: An Indian medicinal plant, Neuroquantology, vol.20; (12), pg. 3753-3778, 2022 DOI: 10.14704/NQ.2022.20.12. NQ773702 Rachana
- S. Singh, R. Gupta, S. Chawla, P. Gauba, M. Singh, R. K. Tiwari, S. Upadhyay, S. Sharma, S. Chanda, S. Gaur, Natural sources and Encapsulating materials for Probiotics delivery systems: Recent applications and challenges in functional food development, Frontiers in Nutrition (2022), 9:971784. (Indexed in Scopus, Pubmed (PMC), I.F. – 6.5) DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.971784
- D. Yadav, S. Agarwal, P. Pancham, D. Jindal, V. Agarwal, P.K. Dubey, S. K. Jha, S. Mani, Rachana, A. Dey, N. K. Jha, K. K. Kesari, M. Singh, Probing the Immune System Dynamics of the COVID-19 Disease for Vaccine Designing and Drug Repurposing Using Bioinformatics Tools. Immuno 2022, 2, 344-371. https://doi.org/10.3390/immuno2020022
- S. Mani, D. Jindal, M. Singh, Gene Therapy, A potential Therapeutic Tool for Neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspective, Current Gene Therapy, 2022 (Indexed in Scopus, SCIE, PubMed, ESCI, Web of Science, JCR; I.F. – 4.3) DOI: 10.2174/1566523222666220328142427.
- S. Mani, G. Swargiary, M. Singh, S. Agarwal, A. Dey, S. Ojha, N. K. Jha, Mitochondrial defects: An emerging theranostic avenue towards Alzheimer's associated dysregulations, Life Sciences, 285 (2021) 119985. (Indexed in Elsevier Biobase, Scopus, SCIE, PubMed, ESCI, Web of Science, JCR; I.F. – 6.7) DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119985.
- M. Singh, S. Agarwal, V. Agarwal, S. Mall, P. Pancham, S. Mani, Current theranostic approaches for metastatic cancers through hypoxia-induced exosomal packaged cargo, Life Sciences, 286 (2021) 120017. (Indexed in Elsevier Biobase, Scopus, SCIE, PubMed, ESCI, Web of Science, JCR; I.F. – 6.7) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120017.
- M. Singh, S. Agarwal, R. K. Tiwari, S. Chanda, K. Singh, P. Agarwal, A. Kashyap, P. Pancham, S. Mall, Rachana, S. Sharma, Neuroprotective ability of Apocynin loaded nanoparticles(APO-NPs) as NADPH oxidase (NOX)-mediated ROS modulator for hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative neuronal injuries, Molecules, 26(16), 5011, 2021. (Indexed in Scopus, SCIE, PubMed, ESCI, Web of Science, JCR; I.F. – 4.9) https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165011.
- S. Mani, G. Swargiary, S. Tyagi, M. Singh, N. K. Jha, K. K. Singh, Nanotherapeutic approaches to target mitochondria in cancer, Life Sciences, Vol. 281:2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119773. (Indexed in Elsevier Biobase, Scopus, SCIE, PubMed, ESCI, Web of Science, JCR; I.F. – 6.7)
- M. Singh, S. Agarwal, H. Kaur, P. Pancham, V. Agarwal, R. Kaur, In silico validation and fabrication of matrix diffusion based polymeric transdermal films for repurposing gabapentin hydrochloride in neuropathic pain, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, Vol: 20:11, 2021. (Scopus, SCI, JCR, NCI, PubMed, I.F – 2.8)
- V. Agarwal, S. Agarwal, R. Kaur, P. Pancham, H. Kaur, S. Bhardwaj, M. Singh, In Silico Validation and Development of Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticle for Targeting Neurodegenerative Disorders, Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 2020, 11, 279-303, DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2020.114018 (Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), PubMed and PubMed Central, SCI, I.F. –2.56).
- M. Singh, S. P. Singh, D. Yadav, M. Agarwal, S. Agarwal, V. Agarwal, S. Srivastava, S. Tyagi, S. Mani, “Targeted delivery for neurodegenerative disorders using gene therapy vectors: Gen next therapeutic goals”, special issue on: “Gene Therapy for Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration”, Current Gene Therapy, 2020. DOI : 10.2174/1566523220999200817164907. (Scopus, Web of science, JCR, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, SCI, I.F. – 4.3)
- S. Agarwal, V. Agarwal, M. Agarwal, M. Singh, “Exosomes: Structure, Biogenesis, Types and Application in Diagnosis, and Gene and Drug Delivery, special issue on: “Gene Therapy for Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration”, Current Gene Therapy, vol.20:2, pp. 1 – 12, 2020. DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200817164907(Scopus, Web of science, JCR, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, SCI, Google scholar, I.F. – 4.3)
- M. Singh, S. P. Singh, P.K. Dubey, Rachana, S. Mani, D. Yadav, M. Agarwal, S. Agarwal, V. Agarwal, H. Kaur, “Advent of Proteomic Tools For Diagnostic Biomarker Analysis in Alzheimer’s Disease”, ”, Special issue on: “Neuroproteomics on the rise”, Current Protein & Peptide Science,vol.20:21,pp.- 1-13, 2020. DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200615173213. (Scopus, Web of science, JCR, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, SCI, Google scholar, I.F. – 3.2)
- H. Kaur, S. Agarwal, P. Pancham, C. Kalra, C. Soin, M. Singh, Synthesis and characterization of Citrus limonum essential oil based nanoemulsion and its enhanced antioxidant activity with stability for transdermal application, Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, Vol.11 No.4, 20, 2020 (Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), PubMed and PubMed Central, SCI, I.F. – 2.56).
- H. Kaur, S. Agarwal, M. Agarwal, V. Agarwal, and M. Singh, “Therapeutic and Preventive Role of Functional Foods in Process of Neurodegeneration”, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, June 2020. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.11(6).2882-91 (Thomson Reuters, Web of Science - ESCI, PubMed, Scopus,SCI, I.F. – 2.2)
- S. Agarwal, V. Tyagi, M. Agarwal, A. Pant, H. Kaur, Rachana, M. Singh, “Controllable transdermal drug delivery of Theobroma Cacao extract based polymeric hydrogel against dermal microbial and oxidative damage” Food and Nutrition Sciences, vol. 10:10, pp. 1212-1235, 2019. (Thomson Reuters, Web of Science - ESCI, PubMed, I.F. – 1.2)
- A. Pant, K. Jha, S. Agarwal, H. Kaur, M. Singh, “Fabrication, Validation, and Stability Analysis of Melaleuca alternifolia Oil-in-water Microemulsion for Improved Transdermal Application”, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 13:3, pp. 252-265, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v1. (Indexed in PubMed, Web of Science, JCR; I.F. – 0.47)
- M Singh, R Kaur, M Sharma, A Sharma,U Srivastava, S Kumar, “Analysis of process and formulation variables on chitosan-based losartan potassium nanoparticles: preparation, validation and in vitro release kinetics”. Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering, Vol.13:1, pp. 1-17, 2019. DOI: 10.2174/2405520412666190502161137,(Indexed in Scopus, SCIE, PubMed, ESCI, Web of Science, JCR; I.F. – 0.47)
- A. Pant, S. Agarwal, M. Singh, Bacteriostatic activity of melaleuca alternifolia loaded Microemulsion targeting microbial skin infection by Topical Delivery, Research Journal of Topical and Cosmetic Sciences. 10(2): July– December 2019. DOI: 10.5958/2321-5844.2019.00011.6 (Indexed in ProQuest, ICI, Google scholar)
- M. Agarwal, S. Agarwal, V. Agarwal, and M. Singh, “Role of antidepressants in amending the chemical disparity of neurotransmitters in psychosomatic disorders”, Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 8:5, pp. 7-16, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32553/jbpr.v8i3.629 (Indexed in Pubmed, NLM, Google scholar)
- V. Tyagi, H. Kaur, S. Agarwal, K. Jha, M. Singh, “Metagenomics insight: Enhancing fermented food quality for human health”, Journal of Pharma Research, vol. 8:9, pp. 13-20, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3557308. (Indexed in UGC, ISI, Ulrich’s database, DOJF)
- Pant, S. Agarwal, K. Jha and M. Singh, “Pharmacological neuroprotective efficacy of essential oils (EO) based aromatherapy: An insight”, Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 8:5, pp. 13-20, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32553/jbpr.v8i5.646 (Indexed in PubMed, ESCI, Web of Science, JCR; I.F. – 2.6)
- S. Kumar, R. Kaur, R. Rajput, M. Singh, Bio Pharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class IV Drug Nanoparticles: Quantum Leap to Improve Their Therapeutic Index, Advance Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2018, 8(4), 617-625. doi: 10.15171/apb.2018.070. (Indexed in Scopus, PubMed, PubMed Central, ESCI, Google Scholar, I.F. – 3.4)
- R. Kaur, S. Verma, P. Joshi, S. P. Singh, M. Singh, Cytotoxicity of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Graphene Oxide Conjugated Losartan Potassium (GO-LP) on Neuroblastoma (NB41A3) Cells, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2018, 18, 1–11 DOI10.1166/jnn.2018.15504 (Indexed in Web of Science, SCIE, PubMed, PubMed Central, ESCI, Google Scholar, I.F. – 1.3)
- M. Singh, S. P. Singh, Rachana R, Development, characterization, and cytotoxicity evaluation of Gingko biloba extract (EGB761) loaded microemulsion for intra nasal application, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017,7 (01); 24 – 34. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2017.70104 (Indexed in Scopus, PubMed, ESCI, Google Scholar, I.F. – 1.38)
- R. Kaur, R. Rajput, P. Nag, Rachana, M. Singh, Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antioxidant properties of catechin hydrate nanoparticles, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2017, 39: 398-407. DOI: 10.5138/09761055.1987. (Indexed in Scopus, PubMed, PubMed Central, ESCI, Google Scholar, I.F. – 5)
- M. Singh, R. Kaur, R. Rajput, G. Mathur, Evaluating the therapeutic efficiency and drug targeting ability of alkaloids present in Rauwolfia serpentina, International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 2017, 11(3): S1-S11. DOI: 10.22159/ajpcr. 2017.v10i8.19537 (Indexed in Web of Science, Clarivate analytics, ESCI, Google Scholar, I.F. – 0.46)
- M. Singh, S. P. Singh, Rachana R, Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and stability evaluation of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB761) based microemulsions (GBME) for enhanced therapeutic activity, Asian journal of pharmaceutical and clinical research;Vol.10 (08), 2017. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975- 8232.8(8) .3194- 05 (Indexed in Scopus, Elsevier, EMBASE, EBSCO, SCI, Google Scholar, I.F. – 0.46)
- M Singh, R Kaur, R Rajput, S.P. Singh, Rachana R, Intranasal drug delivery - new concept of therapeutic implications for effective treatment of CNS disorders: International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research; Vol. 8(8): 1000-13; 2017. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975- 8232.8(8).3194-05 (Indexed in EMBASE -Elsevier, PubMed, ESCI, Web of Science, JCR; I.F. – 0.67)
- R. Rajput, R. Kaur, M. Singh, In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of Escitalopram loaded nanoparticles after exposure to neuroblastoma cell lines, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research; Vol. 8(7): 78 - 92; 2017. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.8 (6).2600-06 (Indexed in EMBASE - Elsevier, PubMed, ESCI, Web of Science, JCR; I.F. – 0.67)
- P. Agarwal, M. Singh, Toxicity Evaluation for the Accumulation of Nanoparticles in Biological System, International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology, Vol. 3 (2), 2017.
- Rachana, K. Sehgal, M. Singh, Essentials to kill the cancer, Cancer Therapy & Oncology International Journal, Vol 4 (5), May 2017. DOI: 10.19080/CTOIJ.2017.04.555650 (Indexed in PubMed, EBSCO, SCILIT, Google Scholar, Science open I.F. – 1.04)
- Rachana, M. Singh, T. Gupta, Topical Application of Melaleuca Alternifolia for Skin Cancer and Other Conditions, Cancer Therapy & Oncology International Journal, Vol 4 (5), November 2017. DOI: 10.19080/CTOIJ.2017.08.555731. (Indexed in PubMed, EBSCO, SCILIT, Google Scholar, Science open I.F. – 1.04)
- R Kaur, M Singh, Rachana R, Exploring the therapeutic potential of neuropeptides in neurodegenerative disease (NDD): A review, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences: Vol. 6 (11); 189 – 200; 2016.
- P. Nag, R. Rajput, S. Dhaliwal, S. Kumar, D. Prajapat, M. Singh, Formulation and Characterization of Propranolol Nanoparticlesfor Transmucosal Nasal Drug Delivery: Macromolecular Symposia, 2015, 347: 32–38. DOI: 10.1002/masy.201400051. (Indexed in SJF (Wiley –VCF), JIS, I.F. – 0.85)
- K. Pramod, M. R. Aji Alex, M. Singh, S. Dang, S. H. Ansari, Javed Ali, Eugenol nanocapsule for enhanced therapeutic activity against periodontal infections, Journal of Drug Targeting, 2016; 24(1):24-33. DOI: 10.3109/1061186X.2015.1052071 (Indexed in Scopus, EMBASE -Elsevier, PubMed, SCI, Web of Science, JCR; I.F. – 5.1)
- R Rajput, S Kumar, P Nag and M Singh, Fabrication and Characterization of chitosan based polymeric Escitalopram nanoparticles, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences.2016; 6(7):171- 77. DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60725. (Indexed in Scopus, PubMed, ESCI,Google Scholar, I.F. – 1.38)
- D. Sharma, D. Maheshwari, G. Philip, R. Rana, S. Bhatia, M. Singh, R. Gabrani, S.K. Sharma, J. Ali, R. K. Sharma, and S. Dang, Formulation and Optimization of Polymeric Nanoparticles for Intranasal Delivery of Lorazepam Using Box-Behnken Design: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation, BioMed Research International, 2014; 2014: 156010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/156010 (Indexed in Scopus, PubMed, SCI, JCR; I.F. – 3.4)
- N. Aminu, S. Baboota, K. Pramod, M. Singh, S. Dang, S.H. Ansari, J. K. Sahni, J. Ali, Development and evaluation of Triclosan loaded poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticulate system for the treatment of periodontal infections, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 15:2075, 2013. DOI 10.1007/s11051- 013- 2075-6 (Indexed in Scopus, PubMed, SCI, JCR; I.F. – 2.2)
- S. Malik, M. Singh, A. Mathur, Antimicrobial activity of food grade glucosamine, International Journal of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 4:4; 307 – 312, 2013. (ISSN 2231-1238) (Indexed in Google Scholar, SJIF, UGC)
- M. Singh, G. Mathur, C. K. Jain, A. Mathur, Phyto-pharmacological Potential of Ginkgo biloba: A Review, Journal of Pharmacy Research, 5:10; 5028, 2012. (Indexed in Google Scholar, UGC, CABI, AYUSH, NLM, EMBASE)
- Kubba, T. Sharma, A. Jain, M. Singh, Analysis of experimental models for neurodegenerative diseases: A Review, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, June-2017, Vol. 9, Issue No.2, pp - 5869-5885 (Indexed in Google Scholar, UGC, CABI, AYUSH, NLM, EMBASE)
- S. Basu, M. Singh, M. Verma, and Rachana, “BCL-2 Associated Anthanogene 3 (BAG3) protein in Neurodegeneration and its therapeutics” Quality control of cellular protein in Neurodegeneration disorders, IGI Global eEditorial Discovery, 261-281, ISSN: 2475-6628
BOOK
- Animal Cell Culture: Principles and Practice (Techniques in Life Sciences and Biomedicine for nonexperts), Authored by: Shalini Mani, Manisha Singh and Anil Kumar, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. ISBN: 978-3-031-19484-9.
BOOK CHAPTERS
- M. Singh, S. Agarwal, M. Agarwal and Rachana, Benefits of Theobroma Cacao and its Phytocompounds as an Efficient Skin Cosmeceutical in Plant derived bio actives – Production, Properties and Therapeutic Applications; Editors: M. S. Akhtar, M. K. Swamy, Springer Nature Singapore Pvt. Ltd., Volume 2, pp- 37 – 53, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1761-7_21
- Rachana, T. Gupta, S. Yadav and M. Singh, Therapeutic Gases: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen and Helium” in Advances in Neuropharmacology: Drugs and Therapeutics Apple Academic Press and CRC Press (Tayler and Francis), pp 523-536, January 2020.
- Rachana, T. Gupta, S. Yadav and M. Singh, Opioids Analgesics and Antagonists in Advances in Neuropharmacology: Drugs and Therapeutics” Apple Academic Press and CRC Press (Tayler and Francis) pp465-484, January 2020.
- S. Agarwal, P. Agarwal, M. Agarwal and M. Singh, Alkaloids as Central Nervous System Stimulants, Advances in Bio resources, Biodiversity and Therapeutics; Editors: Prof. PammiGauba and Dr. Ashwani Mathur, I.K International Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Volume 1, pp – 48 – 61, 2020.
- S. Singh, M. Singh and Rachana*, Role of environmental pollution causing Multiple Sclerosis and advances in therapeutics in Advances in Bio resources, Biodiversity and Therapeutics, Editors: Prof. PammiGauba and Dr. Ashwani Mathur, I.K International Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Volume 1, pp –229 – 254 , 2020.
- S. Singh, M. Singh and Rachana, Role of environmental pollution causing Multiple Sclerosis and advances in therapeutics in Advances in Bio resources, Biodiversity and Therapeutics, I.K. International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, pp 229-254, 2020.
- S. Mani, C. Kubba, T. Sharma and M. Singh, “Pharmacological management of amyotropic lateral sclerosis”, in Advances in Neuropharmacology: Drugs and Therapeutics, Editor: Md. Sahab Uddin, Mamunur Rashid, CRC press, Taylor & Francis group, Chapter – 8, Pg 193 -218, 2020.
- R. Kaur, R. Rajput, S. Kumar, H. Kaur, Rachana, and M. Singh, “Cognition Enhancers”, in Advances in Neuropharmacology: Drugs and Therapeutics, Editor: Md. Sahab Uddin, Mamunur Rashid, CRC press, Taylor & Francis group, Chapter – 18, Pg 447-467, 2020.
- Rachana, T. Gupta, S. Yadav and M. Singh, “Opiods analgesics and antagonists”, in Advances in Neuropharmacology: Drugs and Therapeutics, Editor: Md. Sahab Uddin, Mamunur Rashid, CRC press, Taylor & Francis group, Chapter – 19, Pg 465-484, 2020.
- Rachana, T. Gupta, S. Yadav and M. Singh, “Therapeutic gases for neurological disorders”, in Advances in Neuropharmacology: Drugs and Therapeutics, Editor: Md. Sahab Uddin, Mamunur Rashid, CRC press, Taylor & Francis group, Chapter – 21, Pg 513-536, 2020.
- M. Singh, V. Tyagi, S. Agarwal, “Remedial effects of tea and its phytoconstituents on central nervous system (CNS)” in Tea - Chemistry and Pharmacology, Editor: Goncalo Justinou, IntechOpen, London, U.K.,Chapter -3, pg 61- 72, December 2019, ISBN: 978-1-83880-618-7, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.81521
- R. Kaur, R. Rajput, S. Kumar, H. Kaur, Rachana, and M. Singh, “Cognition Enhancers”, in Advances in Neuropharmacology: Drugs and Therapeutics, Editor: Md. Sahab Uddin, Mamunur Rashid, CRC press, Taylor & Francis group, Chapter – 18, Pg 447-467, 2020.
- S. Mani, C. Kubba, T. Sharma and M. Singh, “Pharmacological management of amyotropic lateral sclerosis”, in Advances in Neuropharmacology: Drugs and Therapeutics, Editor: Md. Sahab Uddin, Mamunur Rashid, CRC press, Taylor & Francis group, Chapter – 8, Pg 193 -218, 2020.
- Rachana, T. Gupta, S. Yadav and M. Singh, “Opiods analgesics and antagonists”, in Advances in Neuropharmacology: Drugs and Therapeutics, Editor: Md. Sahab Uddin, Mamunur Rashid, CRC press, Taylor & Francis group, Chapter – 19, Pg 465-484, 2020.
- Rachana, T. Gupta, S. Yadav and M. Singh, “Therapeutic gases for neurological disorders”, in Advances in Neuropharmacology: Drugs and Therapeutics, Editor: Md. Sahab Uddin, Mamunur Rashid, CRC press, Taylor & Francis group, Chapter – 21, Pg 513-536, 2020.
- M. Singh, S. Agarwal, M. Agarwal and Rachana, Benefits of Theobroma cacao and its Phytocompounds as an Efficient Skin Cosmeceutical, Editors: M. S. Akhtar, M. K. Swamy, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., Volume 2, 2019.
- R. Rajput, R. Kaur, R. Chaddha, S. Mani, Rachana, H. Kaur and M. Singh, “The Aging Brain: From Physiology to Neurodegeneration”, in “Handbook of Research on Critical Examinations of Neurodegenerative Disorders”, Editor: Md. Sahabuddin, Apple Academic Press, Chapter – 1, Pg 1-23, 2018.
- R. Kaur, H. Kaur, R. Rajput, S. Kumar and M. Singh, “Neurodegenerative Disorders Progression: From Synaptic Dysfunction to Transmission Failure”, in Handbook of Research on Critical Examinations of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Editor: Md. Sahabuddin, Apple Academic Press, Chapter - 6, Pg 129-152, 2018.
- R. Kaur, R. Rajput, S. Kumar, H. Kaur, Rachana and M. Singh, “Pharmacotherapy of Cognitive Deficits”, in“Advances in Neuropharmacology Drugs and Therapeutics”, Editor: Md. Sahabuddin, Apple Academic Press, Chapter - 11, Pg 172-187, 2018.
- M. Singh, R. Rajput, R. Kaur, S. Kumar, and Rachana, “Designing of Natural Anticancerous Drugs and Their Delivery System” in “Anticancer Plants: Clinical Trials and Nanotechnology”, Editors: M. S. Akhtar, M. K. Swamy, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., Volume 3, Chapter - 5, pp 163-180, 2017.
- S. Mani, N. Taneja, S. Jain, and M. Singh, “Anticancerous Plant Compounds Affecting the Power House of Cancerous Cells: A Possible Herbal Mitocan”, in “Anticancer Plants: Clinical Trials and Nanotechnology”, Editors: M. S. Akhtar, M. K. Swamy, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., Volume 4, Chapter 10, pp 227-258, 2017.
- R. Rajput, S. Dhaliwal, P. Nag, S. Kumar and M. Singh, “Escitalopram-Loaded Nanoparticles: Preparation and Effect of Formulation Variables on Encapsulation Efficiency.” Nanotechnology: Novel Perspectives and Prospects, 1 st ed., Editor: B.S Bhoop, Tata-McGraw Hill, pp: 676-83, 2015.
- M. Singh, S. Malik and G.Mathur, “Comparative analysis of Antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) microemulsions and Ginkgo bilobaextract (EGb 761)” In "Industrial, medical and environmental applications of microorganisms: current status and trends” Editor: A. Méndez-Vilas. Wageningen Academic Publishers. ISBN Print version: 978-90-8686-243-6, ISBN E-book: 978-90-8686-795-0, pg 517 – 520, 2014.
CONFERENCES – WORK PRESENTED (NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL)
- M. Singh, Rachana, S.P. Singh, Ameliorating the Expression of Amyloid – β in cortical region of mice brain after Intranasal Delivery of Gingko biloba (EGB 761) Extract Loaded Nanoemulsions, paper presented in 12th International NanoMedicine Conference, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), John Niland Scientia Building, UNSW Sydney, Australia; 27 – 29 June 2022.
- S. Agarwal, V. Agarwal, D. Jindal, H. Kaur, D. Yadav, S. P. Singh, Shweta Mall, S. Bhardwaj, M. Singh, “Analyzing Release Kinetics Modelling, Cytotoxicity and Stability Testing of Gabapentin Linked Thiol and Cysteine Functionalized Monodispersed Gold Nanoparticles” Materials Today: Proceedings 2021, https:doi.orgƒ10.1016ƒj.matpr.2021.06.191
- A. Kumar, S. Chanda, S. Agarwal, M. Singh, et.al., “Formulation and Evaluation of Gastro-Retentive Tinidazole Loaded Floating Microsphere for Sustained Release” Materials Today: Proc.2021, ISSN 2214- 7853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.616
- A. Tiwari, V. Gandhi, S. Agarwal, V. Tyagi, V. Agarwal, D. Jindal, Rachana, M. Singh, “In−silico Validation of Apocynin and NADPH Oxidase (NOX) enzyme forinhibiting ROS Injuries” Material Today: Proceedings 2021, ISSN 2214-7853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.361
- M. Singh, V. Tyagi, S. Agarwal, V. Agarwal, P. Pancham, "Development of Apocynin loaded polymeric nanoparticles (APO – NPs) to target oxidative stress as ROS modulator for neurodegenerative disorders" at the International E – conference entitled "NeuroEunoia 2020: A Neuroscience Affair" hosted by Gargi College, University of Delhi, held under the aegis of IQAC, Gargi College held on 16-17 October 2020,pp-44.
- S. Agarwal, V. Agarwal, P. Pancham, S. Bhardwaj, M. Singh, “Current Therapeutic Approach for Targeted Gene Therapy Delivery through Exosomal Packaged Cargo”, at the International E – conference entitled "NeuroEunoia 2020: A Neuroscience Affair" hosted by Gargi College, University of Delhi, held under the aegis of IQAC, Gargi College held on 16-17 October 2020, pp -43.
- P. Pancham, S. Agarwal, V. Agarwal, S. Bhardwaj, M. Singh, “Active and Passive Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Combat Neurodegenerative Disorders associated Dementia”, at the International E – conference entitled "NeuroEunoia 2020: A Neuroscience Affair" hosted by Gargi College, University of Delhi, held under the aegis of IQAC, Gargi College held on 16-17 October 2020, pp -43.
- P. Pancham, S. Agarwal, V. Agarwal, S. Bhardwaj, M. Singh, “Possible Role of Statins in Reversing the Cognitive and Neurovascular Dysfunction in Dementia” at the International E – conference entitled "NeuroEunoia 2020: A Neuroscience Affair" hosted by Gargi College, University of Delhi, held under the aegis of IQAC, Gargi College held on 16-17 October 2020, pp -45.
- Rachana and M. Singh, “Nano therapeutics for plant based natural products for respiratory disorders” Journal of Phramacueics and drug research 3 S1: 04, pp 04, “Keynote speaker at April 27-28, 2020 at Pharmacology & Drug Development Congress (SciTech Central Pharma 2020) at Palms Hotel, Mauritius.: ISNN 2640-6152.
- M. Singh, “Nanomedicinal Breakthroughs in the Phytocompounds-Based Nanoformulations for Central Nervous System (CNS) Drug Delivery”, proceedings of International Conference on Current Perspectives of Biochemistry in Health and Diseases, 11-12 January 2020, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India.
- M. Singh, Rachana, S. P. Singh, “Enhancement in neurobehavioral ad neuroprotective properties of scopolamine induced Alzheimer’s Mice model after Intranasal delivery of Gingko biloba (EGG761) extract loaded micro emulsions. In Conference Proceedings International conference on recent trends in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, ICBAB -2019, 1-3 August, 2019, pp13, Organized by JUIT Waknaghat, Himachal Pradesh.
- M. Singh, S. Rajput, Rachana, “Effector mechanisms of Apocynin for treating neurodegenerative diseases”, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol 12, pp. 136, 2019
- Rachana, M. Singh and S. P. Singh, “Phytocompound based Nano medicine approaches for the rescue of neural disorders”, Journal of Integrative Plant Science and Molecular Biology pp12 at 2nd Global Conference on Plant Science and Microbial Ecology, 14-15 October, 2019, at Hotel Crowne Plaza, Dubai by Scient global Conferences and Editors of Journal of Integrative Plant Science and Molecular Biology
- Rachana and M. Singh, “An insight into novel nanotherapeutics for plant based natural products”. At Interantaional Conference and awards by Goldan global health and education, Bellemiew Social talks, at Hotel Creek Dubai, UAE, 16th November 2019, Supported by IDMA, Embiotic laboratories Pvt.LTd. And SarvaRithuSeva Foundation
- M. Singh, Rachana, S.N. Rai, S. P. Singh, “Intranasal Delivery of Gingko biloba (EGB 761) Extract Loaded Microemulsion System (GBME) Improves the Cognitive, Neurobehavioral and Neuro Protective Properties in Scopolamine Induced Alzheimer’s Mice Model”, oral presentation and abstract published in proceedings of 9th International Nano medicine Conference(ACN2018)”, June 26 – 27, 2018 at University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney Australia, pp 104 - 105.
- M. Singh, R. Kaur, M. Sharma, A. Sharma, U. Srivastava, S. Kumar. Analysis of process and formulation variables on chitosan based Losartan potassium nanoparticles: preparation, validation and in vitro release kinetics, oral presentation and abstract publishedin “ICSEM 2018” (International Conference on Science & Engineering of Materials) at Sharda University, Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh, India) on January 6-8, 2018.
- R. Kaur, S. Malik, M. Singh, Fabrication and optimization of glucosamine microspheres for controlled release and improved prebiotic index, oral presentation and abstract publishedin “International Conference on Science & Engineering of Materials (ICSEM 2018) at Sharda University, Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh, India) on January 6-8, 2018.
- R. Kaur, S.P. Singh, M Singh, Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress analysis of Graphene Oxide (GO) Nanocomposites on neural cell line (N2a), Abstract accepted for oral presentation in International Conference on Nanotechnology (ICN 2017) at IIT Roorkee, India (6-8 December, 2017).
- R. Kaur, H. Kaur, S. Kumar, M. Singh, Comparative analysis between reserpine and Rauwolfia serpentina extract loaded polymeric nanoparticles for neural activity. Abstract accepted for poster presentation in “International conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Next Gen Challenges in Biomedical Sciences” (NanoSciTech 2017), Punjab University, Chandigarh, 8-10 November, 2017.
- M. Singh, S. P. Singh, Rachana R. “In vitro drug release studies of newly developed Gingko biloba (EGB761) extract microemulsion system” oral presentation and abstract published in proceedings of International conference on material science and technology (ICMTECH 2016), 2 -4 March 2016 at Delhi University, New Delhi, India, pp 44 - 45.
- R. Rajput, M. Singh. “In vitro release kinetics for escitalopram and escitalopram loaded nanoparticles”, poster presentation and abstract published in proceedings of Society of pharmaceutical education and research(SPER - 2015)4th Annual International Conference & Exhibition, February 27 - 28, 2015 at DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India, pp – 28.
- Aayush Saraswat, Manisha Singh, “Therapeutic potentials of plant derived alkaloids in CNS disorders”, 10th International symposium on bio organic chemistry (ISBOC10) at IISER, Pune, January 11 -15, 2015.
- P. Nag, M. Singh. “Role of plant derived Alkaloids and polyphenols in prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease” abstract published in proceedings of International Conference on Life Sciences, Informatics, Food and Environment (IC LIFE 2014)August 29- 30, 2014 at Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP, India.
- R. Rajput, D. Prajapat, N. Mittal, K. Saraf, M.Singh, “Transdermal Patches for Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathy”, International Conference on Life Sciences, Informatics, Food and Environment (IC LIFE 2014); August 29- 30, 2014 at Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, UP.
- R. Rajput, Rachana, M. Singh, “Intranasal drug delivery system: Boon for CNS disorders”, International Conference on Life Science & Bioengineering (ICLSBE 2014)” November 22-23, 2014 at Institute of Applied Medicine and Research, Ghaziabad, UP.
- P. Nag, G. Mathur, Rachana, M. Singh, “Phytochemical analysis of Indian medicinal plants for Alzheimer’s disease”, International Conference on Life Science & Bioengineering(ICLSBE 2014)” November 22-23, 2014 at Institute of Applied Medicine and Research, Ghaziabad, UP.
- P. Nag, R. Rajput, S. Dhaliwal, S. Kumar, D. Prajapat, and M. Singh, “Synthesis and characterization of propranolol Nanoparticles for transmucosal nasal drug delivery”, International conference on Science & Engineering of Materials (ICSEM), 6- 8th January, 2014 at Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP.
- P. Nag, R. Rajput, S. Dhaliwal, S. Kumar, D. Prajapat, M. Singh Paper titled – “ Effect of process variables on entrapment efficiency and size variability in propranolol loaded chitosan nanoparticles” , in International Conference on "Future Prospects of Advancements in Biological Sciences, Health Issues & Environmental Protection (FAB – HEP 2014)”, Indira Gandhi Pratishthan, Lucknow 7th and 8th February, 2014.
- A. Gupta, D. Yadav, R. Kaur, S. Malik, A. Mathur, Rachana, M. Singh, “ Exploring the pre biotic potential of Glucosamine”, International Conference on Life Science & Bioengineering (ICLSBE 2014) ” November 22-23, 2014 at Institute of Applied Medicine and Research, Ghaziabad, UP.
- S. Dhaliwal, P. Nag, R. Rajput, S. Kumar, M. Singh, “Escitalopram loaded nanoparticles; preparation and effect of formulation variables on encapsulation efficiency”, Nanotechnology in the Service of Health, Environment & Society: NanoSciTech-2014, Chandigarh, Punjab University, 13 – 15 February 2014.
- P. Nag, G. Mathur, Rachana, M. Singh, “Phytochemical analysis of Indian medicinal plants for Alzheimer’s disease”, International Conference on Life Science & Bioengineering (ICLSBE 2014)” November 22-23, 2014 at Institute of Applied Medicine and Research, Ghaziabad, UP.
- M. Singh, S. Malik, N. Roy, G. Mathur, “Comparative analysis of Antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) microemulsions and Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB761)” in Proceedings of Biomicroworld 2013, V International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BIOMICROWORLD 2013), 2013, , 2-4 October 2013, Madrid, Spain, pp. 431.
- S. Malik, N. Roy, M. Singh, G. Mathur. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Ginkgo biloba EGB 761: "Bioproducts and the OMICS Revolution, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida, March 16-17, 2013.
- M. Singh, S. Malik, N. Roy. “Formulation of Neuropeptides as Drugs for CNS Disorders”, Indraprastha International Conference on Biotechnology (IICB) 22 – 25 October 2013, University School of Biotechnology, GGSIU, New Delhi.
- M. Singh,N. Gupta, N. Grover, N. Gupta. “Current and future prospects of Recombinant Therapeutic Drugs”, Indraprastha International Conference on Biotechnology(IICB) 22 – 25 October 2013, University School of Biotechnology, GGSIU, New Delhi.
- S. Malik, M.Singh, A. Mathur. “Antimicrobial activity of food grade glucosamine”,2nd International Conference on “Agriculture, Food Technologies and Environment – New Approaches” (AFTENA - 2013), 19- 20th October, 2013 at JNU, New Delhi.
- D. Sharma, M. Singh, J. Ali, S K Sharma and S. Dang. Formulation and process optimization of diazepam loaded PLGA nanoparticles, 2nd Annual Conference organized by SPER - 2013 on 9th march 2013, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi.
- A Mahtta, N Agarwal, R Gabrani, M Singh, S Dang, “In vitro characterization of Bupropion microemulsions on Vero cellines”, International Conference and Workshop on Nanostructured Ceramics and other Nanomaterials (ICWNCN), 13 -16 March 2012, Delhi University, Delhi.
- N Mittal, D Prajapat, M Singh, and J Kaur, “Development of Transdermal Drug Delivery System for Gabapentin to Treat Diabetic Neuropathic Pain”, Biotech for a better tomorrow, BANGALORE INDIA BIO, Bangalore, May4-6, 2010, pp. 48 -49.
- S. Malik, N. Roy, M. Singh, G. Mathur. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761: "Bioproducts and the OMICS Revolution, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida, March 16-17, 2013.
- M. Singh, “Musculoskeletal disorders: An occupational hazards analysis and remedial measures in working women”, A National Conference on socio – economic development: challenges before women scientists, technologists and engineers” at NIT, Rourkela, pp. 445 – 451, February 13 -15, 2009.
CONFERENCES – ATTENDED (NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL)
- Participated in AICTE sponsored “National seminar on new horizons in drug discovery and development” at Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 17 -18 September 2011.
- Attended National Conference on “Pharmacy and drug therapy – Let’s peep in future” sponsored by CSIR, Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Pharmacy, 21-22 January 2011.
- Attended the International spine and spinal injuries conference (ISSICON - 2004), by Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 12 -14 March 2004.
- Participated in National Symposium on stroke by G. B. Pant hospital, New Delhi, January 30 – 31, 2004.
WORKSHOPS ATTENDED
- Workshop on impurity profiling Indian Pharmaceutical Association- Delhi Branch 19th Feb 2011 Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi.
- Workshop on “Emerging role of Biotechnology in Industries” 26th February 2010, centre of Energy studies, IIT Delhi.
- Workshop on “FICCI India Innovation Growth Programme 2011” 10th December 2010, FICCI Federation House, N Delhi.
- Participated in national workshop on “Basic Neuro developmental technique (NDT)”, at Institute of Applied Medicine and Research, Ghaziabad, 16 – 25 January 2006.
- Participated in workshop on “Orientation program in teaching methodologies” at Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 2 – 3 December 2006.
Workshops / Faculty Development Programme / CME’s/ Technical meets (National and International)
- Participated in technical briefing – press conference as scientific delegate presented by Mr. Ehud (Udi) Adiri, Director General of the Israel Ministry of Energy on 4 November 2020 on “Israel's transition from an energy scarce nation to a global energy powerhouse”, organized by Embassy of Israel in India, 3 APJ Abdul Kalam Road, New Delhi.
- Participated in CME on Managing Behavioral Disturbances in Dementia - The Postgraduate Institute for Medicine (Continuing Medical Education) - jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team. The activity was designated for 1.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit.
- International workshop on "Biotechnological Advances and Research" under TEQIP-III at NIT Silchar during August 22-26, 2020.
- Participated in International Yoga Day event organised on 21 June 2020 by heartfulness institute, India.
- Participated in Meeting on Advances and Challenges in Nanomedicine (Virtual) organized by USG-United Scientific Group – Nanomedicine (Boston, USA) on June 23, 2020.
- Completed Short course by WHO - COVID-19: Operational Planning Guidelines and COVID-19 Partners Platform to support country preparedness and response (15 – 22 May 2020).
- Completed Short course by WHO - Emerging respiratory viruses, including COVID-19: methods for detection, prevention, response, and control (20 – 22 June 2020).
- Faculty Development Programme on Recent trends in Industrial Biotechnology, July 1-6, 2019, Department of Biotechnology, JIIT Noida, U.P., India.
Webinars / Virtual conferences / Symposium - Presented / Attended
- Presented paper and won the Best Poster Award on "Development of Apocynin loaded polymeric nanoparticles (APO – NPs) to target oxidative stress as ROS modulator for neurodegenerative disorders" at the International E – conference entitled "NeuroEunoia 2020: A Neuroscience Affair" hosted by Gargi College, University of Delhi, held under the aegis of IQAC, Gargi College held on 16-17 October 2020
- SPSR National Webinar on ‘NDMA Impurity in Medicine: A Source of Bewilderment for The Patients’ organized by Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (SPSR) on 1st November 2020.
- Participated in the International Virtual Conference on ‘Innovations in Chemical Sciences-2020: An International Meet for Quality and Quantity (ICSIMQQ-2020)’, organized by the Division of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai during 21st & 22nd August 2020.
- Attended Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Global Symposium on 9/27/2020 organized by The Postgraduate Institute for Medicine (Continuing Medical Education) - jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC).
- Annual Conference – AAIC 2020 - The Alzheimer’s Association International Conference (2020) July 27-31, 2020
- Attended live webinar on Innovations in the Management of Schizophrenia on 07/07/2020. Organized by The Postgraduate Institute for Medicine (Continuing Medical Education) - jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC)
- ISTAART Professional Interest Area Scientific Sessions and Business Meetings - August 3-14, 2020
- Webinar ‘History and Biology of the Corona viruses and Reflections on a Post-COVID World’ held on 11th July 2020 by ST. Joseph’s College (autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka
- Webinar on sustainable approaches environmental protection: Lesson from CoVID pandemic, held on 25 June 2020, KIET institute, Ghaziabad, U.P.
- Webinar on "Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on research and education" on 4th July 2020, organized by Department of Biotechnology, IILM College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, U.P.
- Webinar on “SRRF 'n' TIRF - simultaneous spatiotemporal super-resolution and multiparametric fluorescence microscopy” on 16th July 2020 by National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.
- Webinar on “Molecular Diagnostic Solutions in a Pandemic: Planning for the 2020/2021 Flu Season with the Implementation of the ePlex® Respiratory Pathogen Panel 2” on 22nd July 2020, Molecular Virology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, sponsored by GenMark Dx.
- Webinar on “Characterizing Viruses: From deadly pathogens to the workhorses of gene therapy” on 23 July 2020 organised by Beckman Coulter Life Sciences.
- Webinar on “Understanding the potential impact of the gut microbiome on SARS-CoV-2 Research” on 23 July 2020 organised by Thermo Fisher Scientific.
- Webinar on “Whole transcriptome in situ cell atlas reveals cellular composition and interactions in the developing human brain”, 06 September 2020 organised by Illumina, NanoString Technologies.
Membership of Professional Bodies/ National/ International Committees
- Lifetime Membership of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS).
- Lifetime membership of Indian Association of Physiotherapists (IAP)
- Associate member of Delhi Council of Physiotherapy (DCP)
- Associate lifetime membership of Spinal Cord Society (Indian Chapter)
- Member of British Neuroscience Association (BNA)
- Member of Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS)
SPONSORED R&D PROJECTS
Nanoparticle based Drug delivery system of some antiepileptic drugs for brain drug delivery through nasal route. Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Govt. of India. Grant value: Rs. 25 lakhs, PI: Shweta Dang, Co PI: Ms Manisha Singh, Co PI: Dr Javed Ali (Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi) (2011-2014). Completed.